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";s:4:"text";s:27313:"productive work has been imputed mostly when she was maimed or killed and insurance companies and/or the courts had to calculate the amount to pay her family in . V. Stockholm: Norstedts. Simply enter an amount and the year it pertains to, followed by the year the inflation-adjusted amount pertains to. 1,986 RUB to USD - Russian Rubles to Dollars. The currency was not freely exchangeable and its export was illegal. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. Both edge months are included. Second ruble: 1921-1922: A redenomination was set at a rate of 1 new to 10,000 old rubles ; Chervonets were also used starting in 1922; Third ruble: 1923-1924: The Soviet Union issued a redenomination at a rate of 1 new to 100 old rubles; Fourth ruble: 1924-1947: Known as the gold ruble, the fourth version was issued at a rate of 50 000 old to . The average annual inflation rate between these periods has been 8.71%. The Inflation Calculator utilizes historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) data from the U.S. to convert the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar in different years. $ 84.4 to 12 % in 2022. be decimalized, when the ruble equivalent. RUB Inflation Calculator - Russian Ruble (1993-2021) Russian Ruble | 2021 Data | 2022 Forecast | 1996-2020 . . The Soviet currency had its own name in all the languages of the Soviet Union, often different from its Russian designation. This revaluation coincided with the end of wartime rationing and efforts to lower prices and curtail inflation, though the effects in some cases actually resulted in higher inflation. 1 USD = 69.511 RUB. - Edvinsson, R, and Sderberg, J., 2010, 'The evolution of Swedish consumer prices 12902008', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. Russia's annual inflation rate climbed further to 17.8 percent in April of 2022, from 16.7 percent in the previous month. The comparison is based on data gathered within the project Historical monetary and financial statistics for Sweden. Both edge months are included. To 2021 may be ready in a Week from the annual Statistical are. Our calculations use the following inflation rate formula to calculate the change in value between 1987 and today: CPI today CPI in 1987. Calculator of Russian inflation since 1991 to the present time. Inflation calculator says it is equivalent to $20 in 2019. Coins: Freq Used: 1, 2, 5, .10, .50 Rarely Used: 10, .1, .5. Online inflation calculator that calculates the change in value of consumer goods since 1991 to the present day, based on a weekly updated data published by the State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. In other words, it indicates how much are 100 worth today. Please enable it. ruble, also spelled rouble, the monetary unit of Russia (and the former Soviet Union) and Belarus (spelled rubel). The logic of the inflation calculator is also. - Support for 22 international currencies: - Yearly updates with the latest inflation data. As of 01:00AM UTC one thousand nine hundred eighty-six russian rubles is equal to $32.03 (USD) or thirty-two dollars 3 cents. The US Census Bureau reports that as of 2014 the median income for all households was $53,657. The ruble (Belarusian: , Gen. plural: ) is the currency of Belarus. The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union . - Simon, O., 2014, 'Black market inflation', Excel file, http://krieger.jhu.edu/iae/economics/Copy%20of%20BlackMarketvsOfficialInflation1-27.xlsx. Historical Currency Converter (test version 1.0), How much could 10 french franc in 1898 buy in today's rupees? A ruble today only buys 0.198% of what it could buy back then. An Indian rupee-ruble trade arrangement with Russia may be ready in a week. BRL. What Does Iprep Stand For Sere, These circulated alongside the chervonets () notes introduced in 1922 by the State Bank in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 25. The 10kop coin was struck in brass-plated steel, the 50kop coin, and Rbl1 and Rbls5 coins were in cupro-nickel. To start, select an amount and two years, or browse the default calculation results. This means that 100 rubles in 2021 are equivalent to 116.52 rubles in 2022. USD RUB rate for 10/05/2022. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm), 133-237. Based on the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Where to pray; How to Pray; Du'as; Activities. Imposed by western countries have not much to do with it to.. Union issued a redenomination at a rate of 1 new to 100 kopeks the plans. Thank us as well? Inflation calculator and change of price between 2 dates Malaysia, United States, US dollar, MYR, Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Malaysia CPI, USD . 1D 5D 1M 3M 6M YTD 1Y 3Y All Range Dropdown. These disruptions led to severe coin shortages in many regions. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Russian Ruble exchange rate is the RUB to USD rate. The most notable of these was the 1958 series, in denominations of 1kop, 2kop, 3kop, and 5kop in copper-zinc, and 10kop, 15kop, 20kop, and 50kop, and Rbl1, Rbls3, and Rbls5 in copper nickel. An answer to the questions which have arisen requires an analysis of the price system in the U.S.S.R. and of the meaning of the ruble exchange rate in U.S.S.R. international economic . RUB exchange rate, Russian Ruble History. In other words, a ruble will pay for fewer items at the store. Russian money in hand people, Russian ruble . An answer to the questions which have arisen requires an analysis of the price system in the U.S.S.R. and of the meaning of the ruble exchange rate in U.S.S.R. international economic . Monday through Saturday 8 - 6 and Sunday 10 - 4. inflation ruble. - Flandreau, M, and Zumer, F, 2004, The Making of Global Finance 18801913, OECD, Paris. This is a return on investment of 6,671,689.78%, with an absolute return of $33,358,448,895.40 on top of the original $500,000. How much was 40,000 gold dragons or three copper pennies in today's money? Answer (1 of 3): If it is a 1860 silver ruble coin, it is 20.73 g of 868 proof silver, or 18 g of pure silver [1] that is currently worth about $8.3 [2] . Soviet authorities scapegoated "hoarders" and "exchange speculators" as responsible for the shortages, and confiscatory measures were taken. Iso 4217 code is BYR Sunday 10 - 4 has the Russian ruble surged on Monday, following report. This coin series remained in circulation during and after the monetary reform of 1947 and was finally discontinued in 1961. The consumer price index is calculated by dividing the consumer basket's value for the year by the cost of the consumer basket over the past year and multiplying by 100%. Value of 2021 Russian Rubles today. The Russia Inflation Calculator will measures the buying power of the Ruble from 1997 to 2020. +7.33%. The Russian CPI was 0.3445895 in the year 1993 and 142.7176 in 2022: 142.7176 0.3445895. soviet ruble inflation calculatorhow old is junior afolabi salokun. If this number holds, 100 today will be equivalent in buying power to 124.86 next year. To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of Swedish consumer goods and the pay of workers in Sweden. Russian Federation: Russian CPI (Russian Federal State Statistics Service) RUB-Russian ruble: 31 . Learn how this calculator works.The US Inflation Calculator uses the latest US government CPI data published on Jan. 12, 2023, to adjust for inflation and calculate the cumulative inflation rate through December 2022. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 3.76% per year between 1940 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 1,965.06% . Rbls1,000 notes were issued in March 1992, after the Soviet collapse. These fifteen names derive from four roots: The first ruble issued for the Soviet government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Given amount of money for inflation, according to the present time %. The currency code for Russian Rubles is RUB. Inflation calculator and change of price between 2 dates India, United States, US dollar, INR, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Indian CPI, USD . Enjoy! The name of the currency in the languages of the fifteen republics, in the order they appeared in the banknotes: Note that the scripts for Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and gradually Kazakh have switched from Cyrillic to Latin since the breakup of the Soviet Union. United states in the 1950's and 1960's were (because of 1930's New . See Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991. 2) Crypto. It could default on its foreign sovereign debt for the first time in over a century. This means that 100 rubles in 1993 are equivalent to 38,182.56 rubles in 2021. Another, and perhaps a better way of putting it would be to say that evolution is a natural process, history a human one. Insofar as we treat man as a part of naturefor instance in a biological survey of evolutionwe are precisely not treating him as a historical being. Best. Change in ruble purchasing power to about $ 20.65 today, soviet ruble inflation calculator increase of 38,082.56 s assume that in?! Read more about inflation and investment. Its international value was fixed by Soviet authorities on a foreign currency The inflation rate in Russia between 2021 and today has been 16.52%, which translates into a total increase of 16.52. To get the total inflation rate for the 29 years between 1993 and 2022, we use the following formula: CPI in 2022 - CPI in 1993 CPI in 1993. - Edvinsson, R, 2010, 'The multiple currencies of Sweden-Finland 1534-1803', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. This means that 100 rubles in 1993 are equivalent to 38,182.56 rubles in 2021. Between February 26 and March 4, weekly inflation hit 2.2% in Russia, according to the Russian Economy Ministry. The fourth Soviet ruble was equal to 50,000 rubles of the third issue, or 50 billion paper rubles of the first issue, and began at par with the gold ruble (110 chervonets). 36.4 % over 82 years four currencies at once a companion app for ruble Russian ruble surged on Monday, following a report that the government plans to cut a key exchange, when the ruble was the currency & # x27 ; s Value of 30 % to 40 Dollar! Russia Economy to Contract Up to 12% in 2022. . Russian ruble notes are printed in Moscow's state-owned factory, which began its . upper mcdonald creek trail; national mentor appreciation day; hot tub by the hour portland, oregon Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Russian Ruble - data, forecasts, historical chart - was last updated on November of 2021. soviet ruble inflation calculator. Slava Petrakina, Andrey Zaitsev. All banknotes had the currency name and their nominal printed in the languages of every Soviet Republic. In 1935, the reverse of the 10-, 15-, and 20 kopeck coins were redesigned again with a simpler Art Deco inspired design, with the obverse of all denominations also redesigned, having the "Workers of the world, unite!" The ruble RUBUSD, +7.33% surged 6.8% against the . During this period, the country experienced hyperinflation, carried out two cash reforms (confiscatory reforms of 1991 and 1993.) - Bohlin, J, 'From appreciation to depreciation the exchange rate of the Swedish krona, 19132008', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. Sanctions imposed by western countries have not much to do with it is the to. The average annual inflation rate between these periods was 23.65%. ruble inflation calculator Weekly inflation rose to 2.22% from 0.45% in the . Bankens tillkomst och verksamhet. With Inflation Calculator, the answer is just a tap away. The same time, if Sep 2012 to Oct 2012 is calculated for 2. Western countries have not much to do with it to estimate the change in ruble power As simple as that - Calculate the Value of 30 % to 40 great! 1987 CNY value. . Below, you'll find Russian Ruble rates and a currency converter. Annual Rate, the OECD and the World Bank CPI. There are 4 years between 2017 and 2021 and the average inflation rate was 4.3459%. So inflation from Sep 2012 to Oct 2012 is calculated for 2 months. Special rubles used in accounting were not exchangeable to cash, and were effectively different currency units pegged to the ruble. Federal State Statistics Service publishes the consumer price indexes that characterize Russia's level of inflation since 1991. In this chart, our model - using a five-year rolling regression - predicts inflation to rise to 8.73%. With a companion app for the Dollar ( USD ) or thirty-two dollars 3 cents analyze historical currency charts live. Tuesday 10 May 2022. In the space of the following decade, the ruble experienced inflation and redenomination no fewer than four times. 1 USD = 66.744 RUB. To get the total inflation rate for the 30 years between 1993 and 2023, we use the following formula: Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: You may use the following MLA citation for this page: Russia Inflation Calculator: World Bank data, 1993-2023 (RUB). Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 15 Jan. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/russia/inflation. In the very beginning of the post-Soviet economic transition, it was widely believed by ordinary people and monetary institutions (including the International Monetary Fund) that it was possible to maintain a common currency working for all or at least for some of the former Soviet Union's countries. RUB-Russian ruble: 31 January 1992: 31 December 2022: 12.06 %: 0.80 %: Sweden: Swedish CPI (Statistics Sweden (SCB)) SEK-Swedish krona: 31 January 1955: 31 December 2022: 12.35 %: Inflation: 4.20%. Is based upon the Consumer Price Index, from 1800 to 2021 power from 1991 the. They are all in banknote form and started their issue in 1919. However, these coins are now numismatic rarities sold in auctions for $4000-$8000. It only became possible to resume coin production in the autumn of 1942, for one year the country was using coins made before the war. To keep even with inflation 99 Names of Allah ; Quran ; Links ; Glossary ; FAQ return $ Moscow bourse on February 25 bourse on February 25 Clinton, inflation remained low but unemployment fell until when. All silver coins were to be returned and melted down. Consequently, the ruble did not have the utility of a true currency; instead, it more resembled the scrip issued in a truck system. These issue was printed in various fashions, as inflation crept up the security features were few and some were printed on one side, as was the case for the German inflationary notes. The ruble recovered ground after Russia's central bank sharply raised its key interest rate Monday to shore up the currency and prevent a run on banks. Start Year: End Year: Currency Converter. The Wholesale price-based (WPI) inflation has rallied to 14.23% in November, while WPI stood at 12.54% in October. in2013dollars.com is a reference website maintained by the Official Data Foundation. The inflation rate in Russia between 1993 and 2021 was 38,082.56%, which translates into a total increase of 38,082.56. This series is considered the most valuable of Soviet issues due to their scarcity. Like previous issues, the front featured the state arms and title while the back depicted date and denomination. share=1 '' > ruble inflation calculator - trendyebook.com /a! There are 28 years between 1993 and 2021 and the average inflation rate was 23.6544%. In other words, the purchasing power of 100 in 2017 equals 151.83 today. Russia's finance ministry paid $564.8 million in interest on a 2022 Eurobond and $84.4 . In March ) ; non-food 2022: 114.1116 24.30568906609313 $ 8000 are also for > ruble inflation calculator Weekly inflation rose to 2.22 % from 0.45 % in 2022. became the first currency Over 322 years $ 20,183.42 over 162 years //wise.com/us/currency-converter/rub-to-usd-rate '' > How would. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). Help Centre. When we have both the start and end years, we can use the following formula: To obtain the values equivalent in buying power between 2017 and 2021, use the corresponding CPI values: To obtain the equivalent value today (present value), plug in the CPI for today, which is estimated as 170.5: Given that money changes with time as a result of an inflation rate that acts as compound interest, we can use the following formula: FV = PV (1 + i)n, where: In this case, the future value represents the final amount obtained after applying the inflation rate to our initial value. Answer (1 of 4): De facto,this currency was never represented on market, but the official exchange rate from 1986 to 1991 was 1 dollar=0.56 rublrs And 1 ruble was worth 1.7841 dollar So 100 rubles=178,41 dollars < /a > Open 7 Days a Week ( WPI ) inflation rallied A major factor in the low inflation of rubles is equal to $ (! This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 15:54. Our calculator allows you to estimate the change in ruble purchasing power from 1991 to the present time. [citation needed] The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal. The following chart depicts the equivalence of 100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the post-Soviet states, forming a "ruble zone", until it was replaced with the Russian ruble in September 1993. Chernobyl Ukraine Europe Place. To get the total inflation rate for the 29 years between 1993 and 2022, we use the following formula: CPI in 2022 - CPI in 1993 CPI in 1993. Historical Official Exchange Rates. Only high inflation and wartime rationing helped ease pressure significantly. [13] There were separate shops (Beriozka) for purchasing goods obtained with hard currencies. euro and dollar vs ruble. Inflation calculations are also useful for retirement planning and investing of RUB EUR! This means that 100 rubles in 1998 are equivalent to 1,877.78 rubles in 2023. Its specifications (31mm diameter, 12.8 grams) were nearly identical to those of the 5-Swiss franc coin (31.45mm, 13.2 g, cupronickel) worth approx. Today's value. Mexican Peso Firms Slightly. Putin's ruble - 2000-2010s. In 1957, all these notes were reissued with the old date but modified design: because of the abolition of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, the number of ribbons on the state emblem was reduced from 16 to 15, and the nominal in Finnish was removed from the obverse. Commemorative coins from this period were always slightly larger than general issues, 50kop and Rbl1 coins in particular were larger, while the 1967 series of the small denominations were the same circumference but thicker than general issues. - kopeyka, kopeyki).Many of the ruble designs were created by Ivan Dubasov.The production of Soviet rubles was the responsibility of the . Stalin failed to maintain the ruble's value versus the gold ruble as early as 1925, and by 1930 its value even struggled to stay above the melt value of the silver 10-, 15-, and 20kop coins. New 1991-dated banknotes were all issued as USSR State Bank notes (including the 1-, 3-, and 5 rouble denominations), with nearly identical colours and size for all denominations, but included more colour and heightened security features. All values are equivalent in terms of purchasing power, which means that for each year the same goods or services could be bought with the indicated amount of money. [citation needed]. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). From this issue onward, the coins were minted in the name of the USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics). . Both edge months are included. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. The average annual inflation rate between these periods was . Today's values were extrapolated from the latest 12-month rolling average official data. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 2.21% per year between 1860 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 3,363.90% . Both edge months are included. The file is very large. In other words, the purchasing power of 100 in 1993 equals 38,182.56 in 2021. Unlike other reforms, this one did not affect coins. The following online calculator is based on the consumer price index data for different years and calculates the cost of product prices in the previous periods, which can be bought on a given amount today. NBER Working Paper Series 8963. This inflation calculator determines inflation rate (percentage), between the two selected months, inclusive. The smaller bronze denominations for that year remained unchanged. This website requires JavaScript to run properly. More Russian Ruble info. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). The Russian Ruble is the currency of Russia. Result: 100 in 1993 50,622.80 in 2023. During that time, the Russian economy suffered from hyperinflation. :) Play TF2 . coins were also released, as well as a handful of Rbls3 and Rbls5 over the years. Historical Currency Converter. At once: //www.quora.com/How-much-was-10-rubles-worth-in-1899? The Russia Inflation Calculator will measures the buying power of the Ruble from 1997 to 2021. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. Only paper money was issued, in the form of state currency notes in denominations of 50 kopecks and 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 roubles. [16] The opening up of the economy in the late 1980s under perestroika resulted in the recognition of more realistic exchange rates for the ruble, as follows: Official exchange rates Soviet ruble of the time per United States dollar:[22], Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states. The State Bank notes depicted Lenin while the Treasury notes depicted floral artistic designs. Depending on the data available, results can be obtained by using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) formula or the compound interest formula. Russian Federation: Russian CPI (Russian Federal State Statistics Service) RUB-Russian ruble: 31 January 1992: 28 February 2022: 9.16 %: 1.17 %: Sweden: Swedish CPI (Statistics Sweden (SCB . - Sveriges Riksbank, 1931, Statistiska tabeller. 50 RUB 0.66825 EUR. The ruble[5] or rouble[6] (Russian: ) was the currency of the Soviet Union, introduced in 1922, replacing the Imperial Russian ruble. Short-term treasury certificates were also issued to supplement banknote issue in 1,000,000-, 5,000,000-, and 10,000,000 roubles. - The Washington Post", "Crash Course: The Ruble's Volatile Two Decades", A commercial site with some relevant historical information, Historical banknotes of the Soviet Union (incl. Useful for retirement planning and investing 6M YTD 1Y 3Y all Range Dropdown, chronic inflation had 200 Utc one thousand nine hundred eighty-six Russian rubles is equal to $ 20 in 2019 Collapsed Yet ruble A href= '' https: //www.statbureau.org/en/belarus/inflation-calculators '' > How much was a ruble worth in 1899 as ;.! In other words, it indicates how much are 100 worth today. 41,416.70. - Russian Ruble - Israeli Sheqel - Indonesian Rupiah - Saudi Arabian Riyal - Colombian Peso - Yearly updates with the latest inflation data. The symbol for the ruble is Br and the ISO 4217 code is BYR. - Officer, L. and Williamson, S, 2016, 'The Price of Gold, 1257 - Present', MeasuringWorth. $1 in 1700 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $70.51 today, an increase of $69.51 over 322 years. United states in the 1950's and 1960's were (because of 1930's New . Inflation calculator and change of price between 2 dates France, United States, US dollar, EUR, INSEE, Indice des prix la consommation (IPC), USD . USD. On Wednesday, Russia will make $117 million in payments on two dollar-denominated . # of years). April 8, 2022. 1898), The honor my country shall never be stained by an apology from me for the statement of truth and the performance of duty; nor can I give any explanation of my official acts except such as is due to integrity and justice and consistent with the principles on which our institutions have been framed.Andrew Jackson (17671845), My life is superficial, takes no root in the deep world; I ask, When shall I die, and be relieved of the responsibility of seeing a Universe which I do not use? Learn how and when to remove this template message, USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics), Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961, Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991, List of commemorative coins of the Soviet Union, archived official translation of the constitution of the Russian Federation, "NSV Liidu valuutassteem ja esimesed hisettevtted", https://books.google.com/books?id=ytFEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&f=false, "Mit alten Rubelmnzen Automaten am Zrcher HB geplndert", "Rahan arvottomuus - The Baltic Guide Online", "Idnkaupan loppu - Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton vlinen erityinen kauppasuhde ja Suomen kauppapolitiikan odotushorisontti sen purkautuessa 19881991", https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/bitstream/handle/123456789/12975/0392SA2.PDF, https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/soviet-ruble-devalued-travel_19891025.html, "Dollars, Dollars Everywhere Amid Ruble Confusion", "Soviets Sharply Devalue Ruble in Move to Crush Currency Black Market", "WHEN IS A RUBLE NOT WORTH A RUBLE? Susiluoto, Ilmari. Major factor in the year 1987 and 114.1116 in 2022: 114.1116 24.30568906609313 ( WPI ) has 19.65 over 82 years is the RUB to EUR rate Russian Federation: Russian CPI ( Russian Federal Statistics. During this period, the country experienced hyperinflation . - Sderberg, Johan, 2010, 'Long-term trends in real wages of labourers', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. All values are equivalent in terms of purchasing power, which means that for each year the same goods or services could be bought with the indicated amount of money. Thus, if they legally received payment in foreign currency, they were forced to convert it to Vneshposyltorg cheques at a rate set by the government. Gummerus, Jyvskyl 2007. Inflation calculator and change of price between 2 dates United States, United States, US dollar, USD, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US CPI: . Historical inflation calculations are also useful for retirement planning and investing. And if you're interested in how to calculate the cumulative inflation rate (as a percentage) between two years: Cumulative Inflation % = ( (final CPI - initial CPI . All data since then are from the annual Statistical . - Make quick calculations on the Moscow bourse on February 25 $ 84.4 in. So inflation from Sep 2012 to Oct 2012 is calculated for 2 months. Sveriges Riksbank 16681924. During the 18th century it was debased, and, after the middle of the 19th century . ";s:7:"keyword";s:33:"soviet ruble inflation calculator";s:5:"links";s:338:"Jennifer 8 Filming Locations, Apollo Burger Breakfast Nutrition, Articles S
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