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";s:4:"text";s:18441:"Do you understand? Here I recall many such annoying episodes. Of course, many things changed as time passed, our views and ways of working. The journalists arrived, a variety of them, most of them very good journalists. [1] Mikhail Gorbachev was furious and accused the nuclear designers of covering up dangerous problems with the Soviet nuclear industry for decades. And the most dangerous tasks during his term were to determine whether or not there was water inside the upper and lower bubblers, and in the rooms beneath the reactor hall because this was crucial. Everyone was tense and anxious to get there quickly, to understand what had happened and to discover the scale of the disaster that we had to face. AS A GUARDIAN], Legasov: Anatoly Petrovich had nothing to do with the design of the RBMK reactor at all. Anyway Also, there was an episode that I will talk about later. This research is still underway and will continue for quite a while. There were 17 projects but only two or three need be described. But some simple, repetitive tasks could have been done by small crewless, radio-controlled aircrafts. Thats why we quickly discontinued this measure. Judging by the quantity and dynamics of the radioactive exhaust from reactor number 4 our actions were quite effective. It was not clear what to do in it. To do this, a wide range of chemical solutions were tested that had to be practical, could cut off the contaminated areas while letting water through but, prevent considerable spread of dust. But also with some reliable design It requires that if you have some kind of emergency protection system which stops, say, a car, a train or something else, then you must have at least two protection systems. Say, for the uppermost points, we found that the temperature range was around 300-350 degrees [Celsius]. However, as I have already said, the robotic devices we had, be it our own or acquired from abroad, turned out to be practically useless in those conditions. For some reason, this was not accepted. Yes, a nuclear reactor is like a samovar; much simpler than a heat station. So, from a strictly professional perspective, I understand the safety issues, and how to manage them, very well. Especially from Minister Slavsky who was literally stomping his feet, saying that these are different things, and that I am illiterate, that I dont mind my own business, and that it is wrong to compare one reactor to another of a different type. Adamovich: Was there a conversation about, maybe, what you would do, and you reported on that? When I arrived there for the first time, I witnessed a grim scene because the first proper dosimetric posts were set up there. As such, I advised to use additional thermocouple temperature measurements that would be conducted from the ground. But at 11 am, it was already fully official. And people understand that they are dangerous. And the city of Pripyat was considerably decontaminated by about the same time when the sarcophagus construction was ending. [5] On the second or third day, Legasov suggested organizing an information group to collect and disseminate accurate information to the press, but this did not occur, and he later observed that the press often interviewed the most famous person present rather than the most knowledgeable, introducing many inaccuracies and omissions in reporting. Perhaps that was a wrong decision, because some of those cars were contaminated, and the dosimetric posts had not yet been organized to control the contamination levels on such vehicles . The show opens with Legasov's suicide, on the second anniversary of the explosion. For example, the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin, just in its upper layers, contains 2 million curies of alpha-active, long-living isotopes. But under what conditions? Thus, in this way, the inevitability of nuclear energy became apparent in the 60s but the pace was lost. During the initial launches of the first unit at the Leningrad nuclear station, there was a problem of instability of neutron flows and difficulty in managing them. But, I will repeat, this was because unforeseen circumstances cropped up constantly. For instance, we are not clear why there was not complete conformity in the decline of radioactivity in reactor number 4. But then we did one thing. Nevertheless, the information I had convinced me that not everything was well in the development of nuclear energy, as it seemed to me. The most interesting ones were those proposed by academy member Viktor Aleksandrovich Kabanov, preliminarily tested in the dust storm-prone regions of Central Asia. The army divisions, together with the organizations of Ministry of Medium Machine Building, were cleaning the roofs of the building where the 3rd and 4th blocks of the Chernobyl NPP were. It is hard for me to say what is going on there. Legasov: Reported on what is being done. I immediately jumped into the car, went to the Institute and found experts on this type of reactor. A considerable number of staff members was injured. So the barrier was built in the ground in only one place; the most contaminated area, and that was all. But they went in the direction of increasing the coastdown time of the turbine, when, at this time, there already were diesel generators that could output at the required electrotechnical levels two to three times quicker than those installed at the Chernobyl station. The crater in the reactor produced a column of white smoke, several hundred metres long, most likely consisting of graphite combustion byproducts. This is how many felt, so to say, in a subtle way, that the work of the Chekists, though not conspicuous, was positive, whereas the negative, helpless work by Civil Defense was noticeable in the early days of these events. Our Institute was not part of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. That was the first problem. The wells are in place, are monitored and are functional. There were 2500 tonnes of graphite in the fourth block, so the mass could continue to burn for 240 hours, accumulating radioactivity that could potentially contaminate a lot of territory through the spreading of the smoke. And you, chemists, are now making him almost a great martyr And in Chernobyl he screwed up enough - the shelter of the fourth unit turned out to be far from optimal. We could only kick ourselves for not having external automatic dosimetry devices set up around the station, that would record the telemetry about radiation conditions within, say, 1 km, 2 km, 4 km and 10 km radius. For example, not far from the station was a heavily contaminated forest (up to several roentgens per hour such radiation at the beginning it had) which was named the Red Forest. Then, have a section by Vladimir Fyodorovich Dyomin wherein simply describe the following clearly. Another set of tasks was performed by the construction experts from the Ministry of Energy who were building a temporary village called Green Cape (Zelyoniy Mis). And the second mistake in the design, apart from there not being two protection systems but one, was that. He instructed Meshkov to gather a group of specialists, to be called from Moscow if needed, and investigate the cause of the accident. Suggestions. Lev Petrovich Feoktistov, a very intelligent and talented man, was given the responsibility of matters of nuclear physics and its special practical applications. The temperature inside the destroyed block would be limited by the temperature of the burning graphite, which is round about 1,500C or slightly higher. Were there conversations between Shcherbina and Gorbachev? [29], As a national hero at the time of his death,[27] Legasov's suicide caused shockwaves in the Soviet nuclear industry. But, you know, it is hard to say even now; it is probably good that it was allowed but it is bad that it was not organized properly. From these telegrams, I immediately realised that no one [in the world] was prepared for this kind of accident. One they just lost and. Valery Alexeyevich Legasov (Russian: ; born September 1, 1936 in Tula, Russia, Soviet Union; died April 27, 1988 in Moscow, Soviet Union) was a prominent Soviet inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The primary work was being done using these cranes, but still many finishing tasks, that would increase the reliability of the sarcophagus, had to be done by hand or by using various robotic devices. Because even the best figures today show that, in solar energy, the cost of human labour will be a 100 times more for a unit of power, and the cost of materials a 150 times more, than coal and nuclear power plants. [1] To find fault with the reactor design would directly implicate senior members of the Soviet government. I will end here all my manipulations with you, so to saythere is a lot of talk about itthe logic, so the logic behind the decisions that were made is clear to you. And within that 30-kilometre zone, the talk was mostly about Caesium contamination, because several Caesium spots had appeared (these will be shown on the maps) and the creation of Caesium maps began in the period from the date of the accident until the 20th of May, after which the creation of such maps was stopped. This is important because of this. And this caused appropriate alarm among professionals, in technical and engineering sense. For example, certain numbers are sent: 1-2-3-4. This was the so-called road to development. But within 25 - 75 biological roentgens, the decision to evacuate lied with the local authorities. However, while they were on the way, new messages arrived from the station stating that the reactor (and this was reactor number 4 reactor) was mostly under control. All the power and all the responsibility must be in the same hands. [8][9][10] He also had two grandchildren, Misha and Valerik. First, to not touch it and leave it as is with its radiation, counting on nature itself to somehow recycle it all, that is, the needles, that are the most contaminated, would fall off, after which the needles could be gathered and buried, while the tree trunks, branches, all these would remain relatively clean. And naturally, to find out how to access various rooms, everyone turned to him, either to his drawings or simply to his memory, to his experience. I cannot exactly tell how much time he spent in Chernobyl, and took the most thorough part in data collection, their correct estimation, researching the history of the appearance of contamination spots. Just before he hangs himself, the scientist passes off a set of tapes to an unseen actor. I fought against this project from May; an absolutely useless project. He took this role in order to gain practical experience that would be the basis for later research. The wall was obviously built there because of some engineering considerations after the project was completed. Of course, we continuously gathered air samples on filters to measure the amounts and the dynamics of the radioactivity that was being exhaust. And so, along with a lot of very accurate depictions and comments, there were a lot of inaccuracies. And I repeat that it should be based on the work we have previously done so that we refer to our own sources and not someone elses. I have already spoken about that. This is how the Americans fled. Because it was as follows. Then we assumed that even if all the lead evaporates, we took the 30-kilometre zone and derived that everything [contamination in this zone] would turn out to be less than the permissible concentrations. [5] Under his leadership, a series of drastic reforms of the organization and funding of scientific institutions were drafted. This, broadly, is the range of issues that I worked on professionally. Anywhere from one millirntgen per hour up to a maximum of tens of millirntgen per hour - obviously, this was not a healthy environment, but it did allow for some discussion about what to do next. Legasov: No, we have 14 VVER devices without containments. The various services of the station were on full standby. After the meeting, I went to the office of B.E.Scherbina and asked whether this request was also addressed to me, or should I stay here in Moscow with the other GC to continue my current work? There I reported the situation. So the situation has only worsened. There are so many different interpretations of how and why this happened, that it is in a way my duty to tell what I know, how I see and understand it and how had I witnessed the events that occured. There was a construction base on the territory where machinery and materials needed for the construction of the 5th and 6th blocks were stored. Ivan Stepanovich would tell him his point of view and then, when more detailed, specific, technical information was needed, he would ask, To whom should I give the phone, Velikhov or Legasov? And in the first call, he said, Give the phone to Legasov.. This third element was requested by the Finns. The dams were designed and built immediately but this was also accompanied by research work. About nitrogen. ", "Responsabilites Occidentales Dans les Consequences Sanitaires de la Catastrophe de Tchernobyl, en Bielorussie, Ukraine et Russie", "Western responsibility regarding the health consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe in Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia", "Chernobyl scientist's suicide described", " - .. And I reported to him when they arrived with Ligachev. It was a very difficult task because the semiconductors used in these thermal cameras were heavily affected by the powerful gamma radiation that hit them, skewing the results drastically. But, naturally, in the warehouse of my character, for many years of well-. The severity of the radiation conditions meant that the reactor could only be approached from the air, and even then nothing could get closer than about 200 metres above the reactor. from Kiev. But fortunately, nature itself acts in a way that silt holds the individual particles of radionuclides quite firmly. Section 3, (V) Public interest work\" and is for educational purpose only.If this video infringes your rights, please email us at dubcraftnlhd@gmail.com. And if we took the accumulated statistics, then the statistics on the operation of RBMK reactors were minimal compared to the VVER. I see this as an obvious fact. This is what I did on the flight. Then, I graduated from the Kurchatov Institute in the field of nuclear fuel reprocessing. It was clear that in the first few days, because of the way air masses were flowing and because of the material drops in the reactor, the contamination was spreading with the dust. Therefore, we still cannot fully explain this phenomenon but there are such theories. They just constantly performed more measurements, more elaborations and tried their best to understand the actual conditions. At the same time, numerous conversations on how to strengthen design organisations with such-and-such specialists and such-and-such approaches were heard at the Institute for a decade and a half, at professional or party levels. And subsequently the construction itself was assigned to the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. It can be taken from my older works that we mostly use heat, radiation, today; but actually, it is possible to produce synthetic materials, to alloy, modify, remove impurities in nuclear sources more simply and more economically than is done today in, for example, chemical or metallurgical industry. Firstly, it was domestic, which meant that it was not supported by any international experience. For example, there were no special double cyphers to turn off the protection systems where protection could be disabled only by using a double or even triple commandby an operator turning a key; by a simultaneous turning of a key by, say, the shift supervisor and maybe even by someone specifically responsible for safety; by a simultaneous turning of a key by the head of the station, the chief engineer or his deputy. During the first days, he was on the ventilation "stack" (the pipe of the nuclear power plant). But in the end, I have to say this. Of course, samples of Plutonium, as well as other heavy alpha-active elements, were collected continuously to compare the data gathered by the helicopters and through the direct collection. I want to tell you all this so that you understand that the origin of the Chernobyl tragedy was in wrong philosophy which resulted from losing 10 years. There were many books for experts, thick and accurate, well-written; these were stored in the libraries. Since Anatoly Pavlovich was himself a reactor man, creator or participant in the creation of many reactors, he needed me not as a reactor scientist, but as someone who, from the outside, could give unusual advice, find unconventional solutions. This is the main reason for the magnitude of the accident. People from Kiev took the correct measures at this time. This was the magnitude of doses that we measured with our devices. Because waiting for it to arrive would mean that we would have to stabilize the temperature on a much higher level when we wanted to do that on a lower level. This is the most distinctive feature of a nuclear facility when there is a chimney but it only serves to draw air from which only Krypton-85 is extracted, as I told you, and nothing else. And finally, sand. However, this point of view of the experts was not considered. But from my point of view, why I wasnt an active supporter of this idea or even active opposer of it is because these jobs would require a lot of machinery to be concentrated in the zone. These blocks were in very different states of readiness. It went like this. But this caused a storm in the Ministry. They signed it the next day at 11 am. The meaning. Based on the wind rose, on dispersion, within a radius of 300 kilometres, with entry into China, all life will be destroyed. Legasov: So he presented a big report; he always made long reports. It later became part of the Nuclear Energy Safety Department. I remembered that experts from my own institute were already used to what was happening during the construction of the nuclear power plants. But the iron shot that we found at the station was contaminated with radioactivity. However, an event occurred, of such a scale, of such involvement of people with controversial interests, of errors and victories, failures and successes. 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